A monastic community of religious persons along with the buildings of the community. The abbey consists of monks ruled by an abbot, or of nuns under an abbess. Abbeys are independent of the jurisdiction of the local bishop. The traditional plan of the buildings included an oratory (chapel), a chapter room (for assemblies of the community in which a chapter of the rule is read), a refectory (dining area), and dormitories, all of which are arranged around a cloister or an open inner court. Anglican Benedictine Abbey, St Mark's Abbey, Camperdown, Australia

Male leader or superior of a religious community. The title is derived from the Latin abbas or the Aramaic abba, "Father." The abbot functions as the "father" of the community. He is elected for life and receives authority from a bishop. The role of the abbot is to regulate the life of the community in accordance with the rule of life of his community.

A declaration by a bishop or priest, announcing forgiveness by God to those who have confessed their sins.

From a Greek word meaning, "to follow." Acolytes are lay volunteers who follow the Cross in the procession and recession and assist the priest in worship. An acolyte lights and sometimes carries candles, and helps in the preparation of communion.

From the Latin: Adventus: "Coming." Advent is the first season of the Church year. Advent begins four Sundays before Christmas and ends on Christmas day. The color of Advent is traditionally purple, marking the preparational aspects of the season. In Advent we prepare for our Lord's coming in three ways: at Christmas; for his coming into our hearts; and for his coming again at the end of time.

Selfless Christian love. Agape reflects the love of God, and it is the kind of love that Christians are called to share with one another. The term is also used for a common meal or "Love Feast" of the early church, from which the eucharist developed as a separate rite.

Latin for "Lamb of God." The fraction anthem "Lamb of God" is based on John 1:29, and may be used in the celebration of the eucharist at the breaking of the bread. The invocation is repeated three times, with the first two invocations followed by the phrase "Have mercy upon us." The third invocation is concluded by the phrase "Grant us thy peace".

Derived from the French for "wing," an aisle, historically, was an extension of a side or "wing" of the nave. It was built to enlarge the seating capacity of the church. This extension typically had a separate and lower roof. The aisle was separated from the central nave of the church by a passageway. The term was eventually applied to the passageways themselves, including the central passageway of the nave or "centre aisle." Although the expression "centre aisle" is technically a contradiction of terms, it is common usage in the church today.

The evening of Oct. 31, which precedes the church's celebration of All Saints' Day on Nov. 1.

November 1st - a day we commemorate all the saints of the Church and those we know who've joined the saints in worship at the heavenly banquet table. Originally known as "All Hallows Day," and followed "all hallows eve" (Halloween).

A day of prayer and remembrance for the souls of those who have died. In contemporary Western Christianity the annual celebration is held on 2 November.

The table on which the Eucharist is celebrated. The altar is placed in a central position in the church as the focus of worship.

Congregational response of assent to liturgical prayers. Amen derives from a Hebrew word that means "truly" or "so be it."

The 38 provinces around the world, plus extra-provincial churches, that are in communion with the See of Canterbury. Member churches are independent but share a common heritage concerning Anglican identity and a commitment to scripture, tradition, and reason as sources of authority.

Anglicans who identify with Roman Catholic teaching and liturgical practice and hold a high view of the authority of clergy and tradition. Anglo-Catholics are sometimes called “high church” because of their emphasis on the divine nature of the church as the mystical body of Christ.

Sacramental use of oil as an outward sign of God's active presence for healing, initiation, or ordination. Anointing with oil by smearing or pouring may accompany prayers for healing (unction) and the laying on of hands in the rite for Ministration to the Sick.

From the Greek words anti, meaning "against," and phone, meaning "sound." An antiphon is literally a song sung back and forth by two choirs, or by one choir divided into two sections. In the Anglican Church, the Kyrie and the Sursum Corda are two examples of antiphons. The familiar exchange "The Lord be with you" - "And also with you" is also an antiphon.

Ancient formula of Christian belief in three sections concerning God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Although its authorship is attributed to the twelve apostles, opinions vary concerning its origin. Its title dates from the late fourth century, and it may be based on a shorter form of the creed in use at Rome in the middle of the second century. The Apostles' Creed may be considered to be an authentic expression of the apostolic faith. See Wikipedia

The doctrine that the authority and the mission given by Jesus to the Apostles have descended in a direct and unbroken line of bishops to the bishops of today.

The belief that the church continues the faith and work of the apostles. The apostles received the faith from Jesus Christ through his teaching as well as his death and resurrection. Their authority comes from Christ, who was sent by the Father. During their lifetime the apostles passed on the faith to communities of Christians, who preserved and delivered it to their descendants as oral and written tradition. Later generations relied on the scriptures and the writings and actions of early Christians as expressions of the authentic faith. In the church, the Spirit maintains the apostolic tradition as a living force through 1) worship, preaching, teaching, and a constantly renewed understanding and living of scripture; 2) a mission to the world to save and transform it; and 3) an unbroken continuity of faith and life, manifested in a particular way by the succession of bishops.

The primate of the Church of England; the honorary spiritual head of the entire Anglican Communion.

A clergy person appointed by the bishop to provide administrative assistance and other leadership to congregations and church organizations in the diocese.

The first of the forty days of Lent, named for the custom of placing blessed ashes on the foreheads of worshipers at Ash Wednesday services. The ashes are a sign of penitence and a reminder of mortality, and may be imposed with the sign of the cross.

Statement of faith dating from the fourth or fifth centuries. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasian_Creed

(354-Aug. 28, 430). Bishop and theologian, widely regarded as the greatest of the Latin Fathers and one of the major theologians in the history of Christianity. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo

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Holy Baptism is initiation by water and the Holy Spirit into Christ’s Body the Church.

The liturgical space where the font is located for the celebration of baptism. The baptistry may be a portion of the church set aside for baptisms, a side chapel, or a separate building.

Shaped by the Rule of St. Benedict (c. 540), Benedictine spirituality is essentially monastic. It focuses on the desire to seek God under the guidance of an abbot. The abbot was originally elected for life. The monks' chief work (opus Dei) is the praise of God, in the form of a community recitation or chanting of the Latin Psalter. The recitation of the Psalter is spread over several days at the rhythm of seven times a day. Each day is divided into three equal periods of prayer, work (manual or intellectual), and care of the body with food and rest. A meditative reading of scripture (lectio divina) is the common form of spiritual reflection, and eucharist is the central exercise of the day.

A blessing pronounced by a bishop or priest at the conclusion of a worship service. In a general sense, it may refer to any prayer that closes a meeting or gathering.

A group of parishes served by one member of clergy.

Holy Scriptures of the OT and NT, written under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, containing all things necessary to salvation.

Chief pastor of a diocese and guardian of the faith of the Church.

(Feb. 4, 1906-Apr. 9, 1945). Pastor and theologian. He was born in Breslau, Germany. Bonhoeffer began his theological studies at Tübingen University but moved to Berlin University. In 1927 he received the licentiate in theology, summa cum laude, and defended his doctoral dissertation. It was published as The Communion of Saints (1927). In 1929 Bonhoeffer became assistant professor in systematic theology at Berlin University. The next year, he published his second dissertation, Act and Being (1930). On Sept. 5, 1930, he began a year of theological studies at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. In 1931 he was appointed youth secretary of the World Alliance for Promoting International Friendship through the Churches. On May 29-31, 1934, the Confessing Church, to which Bonhoeffer belonged, issued the Barmen Declaration, which repudiated the claims of National Socialism and upheld the lordship of Christ. In 1936 his authorization to teach at Berlin University was terminated because of his resistance to the powers of Nazi Germany. He was declared a "pacifist and enemy of the State." In 1939 he went to the United States again, but decided he must return to Germany and suffer with his people. On Sept. 9, 1940, Bonhoeffer was prohibited from public speaking and ordered to report regularly to the police. Because of his opposition to Hitler and the Nazi regime, he was arrested on Apr. 3, 1943, and held in Tegel Prison, Berlin. On Apr. 9, 1945, he was hanged with six other Hitler resisters. Among his most popular books are The Cost of Discipleship (1937), Life Together (1938), and Letters & Papers from Prison (1944). Bonhoeffer is commemorated in the Episcopal calendar of the church year on Apr. 9.

Official book of worship of the Anglican Church. The BCP provides liturgical forms, prayers, and instructions so that all members and orders of the Anglican Church may appropriately share in common worship. Anglican liturgical piety has been rooted in the Prayer Book tradition since the publication of the first English Prayer Book in 1549.

A liturgical book used for recitation of the Divine Office (Canonical Hours). It includes psalms, lessons, hymns, prayers, antiphons, and readings from patristic sources and other Christian writers. The breviary provides in a single volume all materials needed for recitation of the Canonical Hours.

The calendar orders the liturgical year of the Anglican Church by identifying two cycles of feasts and holy days-one dependent upon the movable date of Easter Day and the other dependent upon the fixed date of Christmas, Dec. 25. Easter Day is the first Sunday after the full moon that falls on or after Mar. 21. The sequence of all Sundays in the church year is based on the date of Easter. Tables and rules for finding the date of Easter Day, and other movable feasts and holy days are provided by the BCP. The date of Easter determines the beginning of the season of Lent on Ash Wednesday and the date of Pentecost on the fiftieth day of the Easter season. The Sundays of Advent are always the four Sundays before Christmas Day. The church year begins on the first Sunday of Advent.

Candles have extensive ceremonial use in the Christian liturgical tradition. Lighted candles may be seen to symbolize the light of Christ, or the light of the gospel, or simply to remind the congregation that the time and space for worship are sacred. Candles provide illumination that enhances the beauty of the church, and may provide additional light for worship. Candles may be carried in procession by acolytes, and held as the gospel is said or sung.

A member of the clergy, or less often a lay person, on the staff of a cathedral or of a bishop.

In the monastic traditions of the western church, the appointed times for prayer throughout the day. Benedict (c. 480-c. 547) set the basis for this pattern of daily prayer in his Rule for Monasteries. The seven "hours" are: matins and lauds (usually counted as a single hour), in the middle of the night; prime, at sunrise; terce, 9 a.m.; sext, noon; none, 3 p.m.; vespers, sunset; and compline, bedtime.

The city in southeastern England that became the ecclesiastical center for England and, eventually, the Anglican Communion. The Benedictine monk Augustine founded the church in Canterbury on his mission from Rome in 597. From there Christianity spread throughout England. Canterbury has had a preeminence from the beginning of the English church. The Archbishop of Canterbury is "Primate of All England" and head of the Church of England. The churches of the Anglican Communion may be defined as the churches in communion with the See of Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury likewise holds a position of honor in the Anglican Communion. The Archbishop of Canterbury convenes the bishops when they gather, especially at the Lambeth Conferences, and sits with them as "greatest among equals." Canterbury holds a position of honor and preeminence in the Anglican Communion but holds no official authority over the churches of the communion or its individual members.

A non-metrical song used in liturgical worship. Canticles are drawn from biblical texts other than the Psalter. The term is derived from the Latin canticulum, a "little song."

A long, close-fitting garment with narrow sleeves worn by clergy and other ministers. Cassocks are typically black but also may be blue, gray, or red. Bishops may wear purple cassocks. It may be worn under a surplice. Historically, the cassock was the street garb of a person in clerical orders. It was part of the outdoor dress of Anglican clergy until the beginning of the nineteenth century.

Outline for instruction in the Christian faith presented in a question and answer format.

Official seat or throne of the bishop in the cathedral of the diocese. The cathedra is considered to be the oldest insignia of the bishop's authority to preside over the church in the diocese. Historically, the bishop preached the sermon and presided at the eucharist from the cathedra, which was located in the center of the apse behind the altar.

The church that contains the bishop’s throne (cathedra) – the seat of the bishop.

Derived from the Greek word meaning "general" or "universal," the phrase "the catholic church" was first used by Ignatius of Antioch in the early second century. The BCP Catechism states that "The Church is catholic, because it proclaims the whole Faith to all people, to the end of time." The catholicity of the church means the wholeness and universality of Christian doctrine in continuity with the undivided early church, the fullness of Christian life and worship, and the inclusion of all kinds of people in the church.

The bishop or priest who presides at the eucharist and at baptism, and at other sacramental and liturgical occasions such as the Celebration and Blessing of a Marriage, Ministration to the Sick, and Thanksgiving for the Birth or Adoption of a Child. The celebrant leads the community's celebration of these liturgies and rites.

A vessel in which incense is burned on charcoal.

The cup for the wine that is consecrated and administered at the eucharist.

The part of a church that is around the altar and between the altar and the nave.

Low railing or lattice-work that separates the chancel from the nave in a traditionally designed church. The term "chancel," a liturgical space near the altar for clergy and choir, is from the Latin cancellus, "lattice." The chancel was separated from the nave in medieval churches by a rood screen or choir screen. Many western churches have done away with the chancel rail to emphasize that clergy, choir, and people are one community of prayer.

A lawyer or judge and the senior lay officer of Synod who advises the bishop and Synod on canon and civil law.

A building or structure for worship that is not a church. Chapels may be found in public institutions, such as schools and hospitals. Chapels may also be found on private property in residences or estates. A chapel may be a separate building, a room within a larger building, or an area set apart in a larger church or cathedral. A chapel has its own altar.

A chapel located at a distance from its mother church where services are held for the convenience of parishioners who live near it. Clergy leadership is usually provided by the mother church. The chapel is not an independent parochial entity with records or finances of its own. The term is therefore not correctly applied to a small mission or parish that is not attached to a larger church.

A person who serves a chapel, or exercises a nonparochial ministry. Chaplains serve in a variety of public institutions, including schools, hospitals, and prisons.

A regular assembly of members of an ecclesiastical organization with responsibility for the organization's governance. For example, the meeting of those with the responsibilities of a vestry for a cathedral church, or the assembly of members of a religious house in their corporate capacity.

Building used for official meetings of those with responsibility for the governance of a religious house or cathedral.

The sleeveless outer vestment worn by the celebrant at the eucharist. The chasuble and cope are both derived from the outdoor cloak worn by all classes and both sexes in the Greco-Roman world. The chasuble may be oval or oblong, with an opening for the head. It typically reflects the liturgical color of the day. Chasubles vary widely in fabric and style. They may be plain cloth or decorated with orphreys or symbols.

A four-point articulation of Anglican identity, that also describes the Anglican Communion’s ecumenical principles. The four points are: 1. The Holy Scriptures, as containing all things necessary to salvation; 2. The Creeds (specifically, the Apostles’ and Nicene Creeds), as the sufficient statement of Christian faith; 3. The Sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion; 4. The historic episcopate, locally adapted.

This robe without sleeves is worn over an alb or rochet as part of the vestments of a bishop. At first it was simply the outer garment in general use. It was of one piece with openings for head and arms.

In a choral service, certain texts of the liturgy are sung rather than spoken by the officiant, choir, and people.

Consecrated oil used in the administration of Baptism, confirmation, ordination, etc.

Feast celebrated on the last Sunday of the liturgical year. It celebrates Christ's messianic kingship and sovereign rule over all creation.

Christmas (in old English, Cristes maesse) is a festival celebrated on Dec. 25, commemorating the Incarnation of the Word of God in the birth of Jesus Christ. According to the Philocalian calendar, Christmas was first celebrated in Rome in the year 336. It gradually spread to the churches of the east, which already had a festival on Jan. 6 commemorating the manifestation of God in both the birth and baptism of Jesus. The date, Dec. 25, rests on no historical foundation. It was probably chosen to oppose the feast Natalis Solis Invicti, the birthday of the "Unconquerable Sun God" (Saturn), which took place at the winter solstice to celebrate the birth of "the Sun of Righteousness."

(c. 347-Sept. 14, 407). Eastern patriarch. He was born at Antioch in Syria. Early in life John became a monk. At times he lived as a hermit. He was soon recognized as a great preacher. Shortly after his death he was given the name Chrysostom, which means "golden-mouthed." In 397 he became the Patriarch of Constantinople.

The community of faith headed by Christ, the body of Christ in the world (see 1 Cor 12:12-27; Eph 1:22-23, 4:12, 5:29-30).

Before the sixteenth-century Reformation in western Europe, the Christian church in a given country or region was customarily described as the church of the region, such as the Gallican Church, the Spanish Church, the English Church (Lat. ecclesia anglicana), or the Church of England. After the Reformation, the English national church continued to be called the Church of England, but it repudiated the supremacy of the Pope. It retained, however, its ancient episcopal polity. By the 1534 Act of Supremacy, King Henry VIII became "Supreme Head of the Church of England," and by the 1559 Act of Supremacy, Elizabeth I became "Supreme Governor of the Church of England," supplanting the Pope. To this day the Church of England is episcopal in polity, with the sovereign, who still bears the Elizabethan title, as its legal administrative head. The Church of England is divided into the Province of Canterbury and the Province of York. The Archbishop of York is the Primate of England and Metropolitan, and the Archbishop of Canterbury is the Primate of all England and Metropolitan. The Province of Canterbury consists of thirty-one dioceses and the Province of York consists of fourteen dioceses.

All individuals in Holy Orders.

A short form of prayer in three parts- an address to God, a petition (special request), and a conclusion- and associated with specific occasions and liturgical seasons.

By tradition, various colours are used for the vestments and altar hangings for the different seasons and feasts of the Church Year. In western use the tradition is: • Red – on Pentecost, Feasts of Martyrs, and during Holy Week. • White – on Feasts of our Lord, Feasts of Saints who were not martyrs, Feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and in some places at the Burial of the Dead. • Green – on the Sundays and Ordinary days of the Year after Epiphany and Pentecost. • Blue -in some places used during Advent. • Purple or Violet – for penitential occasions, during Lent, at Requiems or the Burial of the Dead, and Advent. • Black – in some places for the Burial of the Dead and Requiems. • Lenten Array – in some places used during Lent in place of purple (see Lenten Array).

(c. 521-June 9, 597). Founder of many churches and monasteries in Ireland. He was born in Gartan, County Donegal, Ireland. Columba was trained in several Irish monasteries. He was ordained priest around 551. In 563 Columba left Ireland with twelve companions and went to the Isle of Hy or Ioua, now called Iona. He founded a monastery and school at Iona to train missionaries for the evangelization of the Northern Picts. He spent the remaining thirty-four years of his life at Iona. Columba was a scholar, a preacher, and a courageous leader.

The last of the four services in the Daily Office. It is descended from the night prayers said before bed at the end of the monastic round of daily prayer. Compline is a simple office including a confession of sins, one or more psalms, a short reading from scripture, versicles and responses, the Lord's Prayer, collects which ask for God's protection during the night to come, and the canticle Nunc dimittis.

The sacramental rite in which the candidates "express a mature commitment to Christ, and receive strength from the Holy Spirit through prayer and the laying on of hands by a bishop". Those who were baptized at an early age and those baptized as adults without laying on of hands by a bishop are expected to make a mature public affirmation of their faith, recommit themselves to the responsibilities of their baptism, and receive laying on of hands by a bishop. Adults baptized with the laying on of hands by a bishop are considered to be confirmed.

The term may refer either to a religious community or the building where the community lives. The term is most frequently applied to a community of nuns, although it may refer to a religious community of men or women. The term is from the Latin, con and venire, "to come together."

An experience or process whereby an individual comes to belief in Christ as Saviour and Lord. In Protestant Christianity, conversion usually emphasizes an adult experience of sudden or dramatic change. Nevertheless, many Christians are brought to belief in Christ as Lord through a gradual process of growth in the Christian life.

A vestment of dignity which may be worn by any order of the clergy, but is usually thought of as being worn by a bishop, along with his miter. The cope is a long and heavy semicircular cloak of rich material, generally matching other vestments in the colour of the season.

(July 2, 1489-Mar. 21, 1556). First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury and leader of the Anglican Reformation. He was born in Aslockton, Nottinghamshire, England. Cranmer received his B.A. from Jesus College, Cambridge University, in 1511. In 1520 he was ordained priest and selected as one of the university preachers. Around 1521 he began to be influenced by Lutheran ideas and became antipapal. When King Henry VIII was seeking the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Cranmer suggested that the king refer the issue to the professors at the universities. Henry was impressed with this idea. In 1531 Cranmer was named ambassador to the imperial court of Charles V with the task of making contact with the German Lutherans and getting their support for the annulment. While in Germany he met the Lutheran theologian Andreas Osiander and married Osiander's niece, Margaret. Henry named Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury, and Pope Clement VII consented. Cranmer was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury on Mar. 30, 1533. One of Cranmer's first official acts came on May 25, 1533, when he formally stated that Henry's marriage to Catherine was null and void. As archbishop he was the author of the first Anglican Prayer Book (1549). He was the leader in moderate doctrinal reform as expressed in the Ten Articles of 1536 and the Bishops' Book of 1537. Under King Edward VI (1547-1553), he continued as a leader of the Reformation. With the accession of Queen Mary in 1553, Cranmer's Protestant policies fell into disfavour. On Nov. 13, 1553, he was deprived of his office as archbishop. In 1556 he was accused of high treason and handed over to the state for execution. He recanted, but the prospect of death restored both his faith and his dignity. He renounced his recantation and reaffirmed his opposition to papal power and the doctrine of transubstantiation. At the stake he steadfastly held his right hand in the fire until it was consumed. He did this because his right hand "had offended" by signing the recantation. The BCP of 1549, revised in 1552, stands as the greatest achievement of his genius. Cranmer is commemorated along with Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley in the Episcopal calendar of the church year on Oct. 16.

A small table or shelf on the epistle side of the altar that holds the bread, wine and water before consecration.

Ancient and universal statements of Christian faith. Those ordained for use in the Book of Common Prayer are the Apostles Creed (spoken by the congregation in Morning and Evening Prayer) and the Nicene Creed (spoken by the congregation in the Holy Eucharist). Many Anglican churches also include the Athanasian Creed among their statements of faith.

The pastorial staff of a Bishop. It was originally a walking stick and later acquired the symbolism of a shepherd's crook. It is a sign of pastoral authority.

The instrument of Jesus' death and the central symbol of the Christian faith. It represents Jesus' offering and sacrifice of his life in love for us and our salvation. The cross thus symbolizes the Christian life, especially in terms of love, generosity, and sacrifice. The cross itself was a vertical stake in the ground which often had a horizontal piece attached at the top or just below the top of the vertical piece. Death on a cross was both execution and extreme torture. The victim to be executed on the cross would be attached to it until death. At times an inscription would be attached to the cross to state the victim's crime. Crucifixion was a shameful death that carried with it a considerable stigma in Jesus' day. Jesus' death on a cross is described in the NT gospels (Mt 27, Mk 15, Lk 23, Jn 19).

A deacon or other person not fully ordained who receives a fee for working in a small parish; the parish a curate works with is his “cure;” often a curate is the newest assistant to a senior minister at a large parish. Curates generally work under the supervision of a senior minister and do not have full responsibility for their parish.

Use of daily prayers to mark the times of the day and to express the traditions of the praying community.

(d. c. 601). A saint and founder of monasteries. Although little is known about David, he remains one of the most popular British saints. He became the Bishop of Menevia in southwest Wales, and was also the abbot of a monastery in Menevia which practiced an extreme form of monasticism in the tradition of Antony of Egypt. Legend claims that he was consecrated the Metropolitan Archbishop of Wales by the Bishop of Jerusalem. It is certain that during the time of the invasions of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, a pocket of Britons retained the Christian faith in Wales. David was one of them. He is the patron saint of Wales.

The subservient rank in the three orders of the Church's ministry (Bishop, Priest, Deacon). There are two types of deacons - transitional deacons, who will soon be ordained to the priesthood, and permanent deacons, who chose the order as a permanent servant ministry. Priests are first ordained to the diaconate to remind them and the Church that they are, and that they always will be servants (see Matthew 20:25-28).

Usually the rector of a cathedral parish. The dean may also be given diocesan responsibilities by the bishop.

A ritual or service for returning a former sacred building or site to a non-sacred status; church buildings no longer in use as churches are deconsecrated before being sold or torn down.

A territorial unit of administration, consisting of a number of individual parishes, under the pastoral oversight of a bishop.

A deacon, or the presider if no deacon is present, ends the eucharistic liturgy by dismissing the people. The term comes from the Latin Ite, missa est, "Go, it is the sending."

The feast of Christ's resurrection.

The liturgy intended as the first (and arguably, the primary) celebration of Easter. It is also known as the Great Vigil. The service begins in darkness, sometime between sunset on Holy Saturday and sunrise on Easter, and consists of four parts: The Service of Light (kindling of new fire, lighting the Paschal candle, the Exsultet); The Service of Lessons (readings from the Hebrew Scriptures interspersed with psalms, canticles, and prayers); Christian Initiation (Holy Baptism) or the Renewal of Baptismal Vows; and the Eucharist. Through this liturgy, the BCP recovers an ancient practice of keeping the Easter feast. Believers would gather in the hours of darkness ending at dawn on Easter to hear scripture and offer prayer. This night-long service of prayerful watching anticipated the baptisms that would come at first light and the Easter Eucharist. Easter was the primary baptismal occasion for the early church to the practical exclusion of all others. This practice linked the meanings of Christ's dying and rising to the understanding of baptism.

The manifestation of Christ to the peoples of the earth.

The Episcopal Church is the official U.S. name for the Anglican church.

Literally, a letter, the name was given to the first of the two NT readings in the eucharist. The majority of these passages were taken from the epistolary literature of the New Testament, such as the letters of Paul to communities of Christians in various places.

The central act of Christian worship and commemoration of the central events of Christian faith – also known as The Lord’s Supper, Communion, The Great Thanksgiving, and the Mass – in which bread and wine are consecrated by the celebrant and distributed to the people as the body and blood of Christ.

Bread and wine that are consecrated in the eucharist. The bread recalls the work of human hands required to harvest the wheat and make the bread, and the companionship of sharing. The wine recalls festivity and celebration, along with sacrifice.

Anglicans who identify with the teachings of Protestantism and the reformed tradition, emphasizing Scripture and the importance of individual conscience. Evangelicals are sometimes called “low church” because they believe Christ allows great freedom in organizing the church and its liturgical practices.

One of the principal Daily Offices. Evening Prayer has been the title for the Evening Office in Anglican worship since the 1552 revision of the Prayer Book. Evening Prayer may begin with an opening sentence of scripture and with the confession of sin.

Sung Evening Prayer; an evening worship service; evening prayer; and evening prayer service featuring a choir.

Fasting is abstaining wholly or partially from all or certain foods, for physical or spiritual health.

The term comes from the Latin fons, "spring of water," and designates a receptacle for baptismal water. Fonts in the early church were pools or sunken basins, often in the shape of a cross, in which candidates were immersed in running water. Many fonts remained large even after infant baptism became the norm, but they were raised above ground for convenience. Eventually the typical font was the size of a wash basin, and even adult candidates were baptized by pouring a little water on their heads. The ancient practice never died out, however, and immersion is still a method of baptizing. Today some new or renovated church buildings have a large font, suitable for immersion, located where the people can easily see it or gather around it.

The washing of feet was a menial act of hospitality in the OT (see Gn 18:4, 19:2). It was often performed for guests by a servant or the wife of the host. The Gospel of John (13:1-17) records that Jesus washed the feet of the disciples at the Last Supper. Jesus urged the disciples to follow his example of generous and humble service. They should wash one another's feet, as their feet had been washed by Jesus, their Lord and Teacher. Jesus' washing of the disciples' feet was a lived expression of his teaching that "whoever wishes to be first among you must be slave of all" (Mk 10:43-44). The foot-washing also expressed Jesus' "new commandment" for his disciples to love one another, as he had loved them (Jn 13:34). The washing of feet continued in the early Christian church.

To forgive is to give up or absolve legitimate claims upon another, as when a debt is forgiven. In forgiveness, a relationship is restored or renewed. Central to Christian faith is the forgiveness of sins, understood as an action of God. God is understood to be forgiving, a God of love, mercy, and grace.

(1181 or 1182-Oct. 3, 1226). Thirteenth-century saint and founder of the Franciscan order. He was born in Assisi in central Italy and named Giovanni Bernardone. His father changed his name to Francesco, "the Frenchman," after a visit to France. Francis's gradual conversion began in the spring of 1205. He gave generously to the poor and became devoted to "Lady Poverty." Francis stressed absolute simplicity of life marked by poverty, humility, and contemplation of Christ. Others gathered around him, and on Feb. 24, 1209, the Order of Friars Minor (Fratres minores), sometimes called Minorites, was founded. In England they were popularly called Grey Friars because of the color of their habit. The Second Order of St. Francis, known as the Poor Clares, was established for nuns in 1219. The Third Order for lay men and women was founded in 1221. Francis is especially remembered for his writing, "The Canticle of Brother Sun." The Hymnal 1982 includes two hymn texts written by Francis, "All creatures of our God and King" (400) and "Most High, omnipotent, good Lord" (406-407). The hymn text "Lord make us servants of your peace" (593) is based on a prayer attributed to Francis. He died in Assisi.

St. Francis of Assisi (1181 or 1182-1226) initiated a form of life centred on the practice of evangelical poverty as a means and sign of a spiritual poverty that can be filled only by divine grace. Franciscan spirituality is also characterized by an attitude of reverence for God in all things and a deep appreciation of the goodness of creation as a reflection of God's love.

The term is from the Old French for "throat" or "gullet" and related to the word for "gargle." It was originally a projecting waterspout used in gothic architecture to throw water from the roof gutter or upper part of a building or tower. It protected the building by throwing water away from the walls or foundations. The spouts eventually became known by their decorative figures. By the thirteenth century they were made of stone instead of wood. Gargoyles were soon built for decoration only and not for drainage. These carvings are usually fanciful and often grotesque. Gargoyles may represent wildly imaginative animal or human-like forms. The largest gargoyles project as much as three feet from their building.

Godfathers and godmothers, persons who sponsor an infant or young child at his or her baptism. Godparents make vows that they will, by their example, help the child know what it means to be a Christian, so that later in his or her life the child can confirm that fact for himself or herself at Confirmation.

The Friday before Easter Day, on which the church commemorates the crucifixion of Jesus. It is a day of fasting and special acts of discipline and self-denial. In the early church candidates for baptism, joined by others, fasted for a day or two before the Paschal feast. In the west the first of those days eventually acquired the character of historical reenactment of the passion and death of Christ.

The English word "gospel" (from Anglo-Saxon godspel) or "good news" translates the Greek euangelion. Originally in Christian usage it meant the good news of God's saving act in Jesus Christ, focused on the cross and resurrection (1 Cor. 15:1-11). The term was used in the opening verse of the Gospel of Mark.

In many places it is customary to have a gospel procession to the place of reading. A procession may include several persons-the reader, two candle bearers, a thurifer, and, if needed, someone to hold the gospel book. Incense may be used to honour the gospel book. The presider blesses the deacon or other gospeler. The gospeler takes up the gospel book from the altar and follows the others to a lectern, ambo, pulpit, or into the midst of the congregation. Afterward, the reader leads the way back and places the altar book either on the altar or on a side table.

God's love freely given to humanity for salvation. The term is from the Latin gratia, a "gift or favor freely given".

Prayer based on 2 Cor 13:13, "The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all" (RSV).

A psalm, hymn, or anthem that is sung or read between the OT reading and the epistle at the eucharist. The term comes from the Latin gradus, "step," on which cantors stood. The gradual serves as a meditation or response to the reading, and the gradual psalm has sometimes been called the "responsorial psalm."

The garment worn by members of classical religious communities. It derives from various forms of male or female dress in the middle ages.

Ancient Hebrew praise-shout. It means "Praise Yah," which is a shortened form of the word "Yahweh." It is translated into Latin as "Alleluia," and translated into English as "Praise the Lord." It appears in Psalms 106, 111-113, 135, and 146-150.

Eternal life in our enjoyment of God. The unending fulfillment of salvation and happiness in relationship with God. Heaven has been equated with the beatific vision, and described in terms of perfect bliss and union with God. Many Christians emphasize heaven as a state of completed and eternal relationship with God, rather than a "place." However, belief in heaven in terms of a place beyond known spatial limits is important in light of belief in the resurrection of the body. God is certainly not contained by any place.

Eternal death in our rejection of God. This state or place of separation from God is closely related to the concept of human free will. We may choose to accept or reject God. We will not be forced by God to receive God's love. Hell is a permanent state of separation from God that can be freely chosen, not God's angry punishment for misdeeds.

A designation of a church emphasizing theological or liturgical formality; a church with several vested assistants and many fine utensils used in the service; a church that sings or chants its service rather than reading or speaking it; a church that celebrates the Eucharist every Sunday. Such churches sometimes appear to be more “catholic”.

This is a term used, mostly in Anglo-catholic parishes, to describe a celebration of the eucharist characterized by multiple ministers (a priest or bishop-celebrant, deacon, "subdeacon," acolytes, choir, and possibly others) and a rich ceremonial (incense, candles, processions, stylized movements and gestures), and a preference for singing rather than saying the various texts of the eucharist.

Celebration on Jan. 1, the eighth day after the birth of Jesus, when he was named and circumcised. He was "called Jesus, the name given by the angel before he was conceived in the womb" (Lk 2:21). Under the Law of Moses, all male infants were to be circumcised on the eighth day after birth (Lv 12:3). It was also customary at this time for family and friends to witness the naming of the child.

The sacrament of ordination, which marks the entry of the candidate into the ordained ministry. The orders of bishops, priests and deacons are termed Holy Orders.

The third person of the Holy Trinity. Jesus promised his followers, the Apostles, that he would send the Holy Spirit after his Crucifixion and Resurrection. The Spirit came to the disciples of Jesus on Pentecost.

Water that has been blessed for religious and devotional use. It may symbolize purification, blessing, dedication, and renewal of the baptismal covenant. An aspergillum (tube with holes) or a small branch of a tree or shrub may be used to sprinkle holy water during a church service or at other times.

From early times Christians have observed the week before Easter as a time of special devotion.

A short sermon often on a single topic of devotion or morality. The difference between a sermon and a homily is primarily the length.

This image for God who loves us persistently is from the poem "The Hound of Heaven" by the English poet Francis Thompson (1859-1907). The poem recalls how he fled God, even "in the mist of tears," but eventually fell into God's loving embrace. This image reminds us that God's love is not deterred by our fears or imperfections, and that God steadfastly seeks our salvation.

A prayer for worthy reception of communion. "We do not presume to come to this thy Table, O merciful Lord, trusting in our own righteousness, but in thy manifold and great mercies. We are not worthy so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy Table. But thou art the same Lord, whose property is always to have mercy: Grant us therefore, gracious Lord, so to eat the flesh of thy dear Son Jesus Christ, and to drink his blood, that our sinful bodies may be made clean by his body, and our souls washed through his most precious blood, and that we may evermore dwell in him, and he in us. Amen."

A form of congregational song in praise of God, using metrical poetic texts set to tunes which are repeated for each stanza of the text.

An early Christian symbol, the transliteration of the Greek word ixous, "fish." The letters are the initial letters of the Greek words for Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior. This acrostic was used as a confession of faith. The fish was also an iconographic Christian symbol and identified with Christ. In early Christianity a representation of a fish frequently appeared in catacomb paintings and on seals, rings, urns, and tombstones. It is unknown whether the acrostic or the iconographic symbol was first used. Fish are associated with miraculous feedings by Jesus (Mk 6:35-44, 8:1-8) and post-resurrection meals (Lk 24:41-43, Jn 21:1-14). The fish symbol came to be associated with the eucharist, and fish have been shown on the table in artistic portrayals of the Last Supper.

The traditional icon is a stylized religious picture that is usually painted on a wood panel in egg tempera. Icons depict Christ, the Trinity, other saints, and events in the gospels and lives of the saints. Icons have been used in both eastern and western churches. Icons were painted or placed on the walls of churches and on interior beams and screens. The eastern churches developed the icon tradition extensively. In the west the tradition was eclipsed by the Renaissance and other artistic movements. However, offshoots of the icon tradition in the west include the use of stained glass windows and the illustrations in manuscripts and liturgical books. Today there is a revival of the use of icons in the western churches, including the Episcopal Church.

The art of making icons. An iconographer who aspires to make a theological statement may be said to "write" an icon. The term also refers to the whole history and tradition of the Christian use of icons. A number of conventions of iconography have been maintained, such as the frontal position, inverse perspective, and elongated and somber features.

Monogram of the Holy Name of Jesus. It is taken from the first three letters of Jesus' name in Greek, which have been latinized to "IHS." The monogram appears in liturgical art and architecture, especially vestments.

Mode of baptism in which the candidate's entire body is introduced into the water. The term "baptize" is from the Greek, "to dip." Immersion was the normal way of baptism in the early church.

Ashes may be imposed on the heads of participants in the Ash Wednesday service as a sign of mortality and penitence. The ashes are imposed with the words, "Remember that you are dust, and to dust you shall return". Ashes are typically imposed by inscribing a cross on the forehead. The imposition of ashes has been practiced on Ash Wednesday since the ninth century.

The term, from the Latin carnis ("flesh") literally means "enfleshment." It reflects the doctrine that Jesus was fully human and fully divine, the Son of God "in the flesh." It is based on John 1:14, "And the Word became flesh and lived among us."

From the Latin word, incendere, meaning "to burn"; a fragrant powder burned in a small dish or pot; used during the service or in the processions. Some say incense is used to recall one of the three gifts of the Wise Men to the Christ Child. Scripture commends its usage, particularly in Psalm 141, where prayers are asked to be like incense.

The initial letters of the inscription in Latin, "Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum," which means "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews." When Jesus was crucified, Pilate had this inscription placed on the cross. It was written in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek (John 19:19-20). INRI is frequently used in depictions of the crucifixion.

Prayer for another or others. Intercession "brings before God the needs of others".

A hybrid name for God, resulting from an erroneous combination of other names. In the period after the Exile, the proper name for God, Yahweh, was believed by Jewish people to be too holy to pronounce. The title Adonai, Lord, was spoken instead. In written texts the vowels of Adonai were combined with the consonants YHWH as a reminder to readers that they were to read Adonai rather than Yahweh. In the middle ages, Christians misunderstood this practice and simplistically combined the vowels of Adonai with the consonants of YHWH, which resulted in the erroneous hybrid "Jehovah."

The Son of God, the second person of the Trinity, the saviour and redeemer of humanity, the Word of God who was made flesh and dwelt among us in the world (see John 1:1-18). Jesus was the Messiah, the promised king and ancestor of David who was expected from OT times to deliver the people (see Is 9:6-7; Ez 34:23-24, 37:24-25). His name means "anointed one," as anointed kings and anointed priests were understood to have been given special powers and functions by God. Christ is also known as "Second Adam," who reverses the consequences of disobedience by Adam and humanity. St. Paul explains that "as in Adam all die, so also in Christ shall all be made alive" (1 Cor 15:22, RSV).

A repetitive prayer, often in the form "Lord Jesus Christ, Son of the living God, have mercy on me, a sinner," or variations of that form. It is associated with the spirituality of the eastern church.

Prophetic forerunner of Jesus. John preached conversion and proclaimed a baptism of repentance. Jesus and many others were baptized by John. John is called "the Baptist" because he was willing to baptize people if they repented to God for their sins.

After the death of Jesus, Joseph asked Pilate for the body of Jesus and buried it in a tomb newly hewn out of a rock (Mark 15:43-46). Joseph was a wealthy Jew, and a member of the Sanhedrin.

Invitatory psalm based on Ps 100. It begins, "Be joyful in the Lord, all you lands; serve the Lord with gladness and come before his presence with a song".

(c. 1342-c. 1413). English female mystic and anchoress. Almost nothing is known about Julian's life, not even her real name. As was the custom of anchoresses and anchorites in the fourteenth century, she took the name Julian from the name of the church where she lived in a cell. The Norwich church was named for St. Julian, probably named after Pope Julian (337-352). The information we have about her is in her writing, The Revelations of Divine Love, also known as the Book of Showings. Julian has been called the first English woman of letters and the first English theologian to write in English. She reflects Christian optimism which is not dominated by sin and the Fall. Her spirituality is animated by grace and love.

The word (from the Latin justus, meaning "righteous," and facere, meaning "to make") is used in both the OT and NT to mean "being set in a right relation to another person or to God within the covenant.

This English translation of the Holy Scriptures of the Old Testament and New Testament, including the Apocrypha, was produced by Anglican bishops and other divines in 1611. It was undertaken in response to a request at the Hampton Court Conference, which was summoned by King James I of England and VI of Scotland in an attempt to reconcile Anglicans and Puritans. The KJV was a revision of earlier English versions, especially the so-called Bishops' Bible of 1568, which was based on the earlier translation by William Tyndale.

A traditional posture of prayer in which one's weight rests on the knees. The pews of many churches have "kneelers" or cushions to protect the knees of those who kneel to pray. Kneeling to pray may express penitence, supplication, and humility.

In the early church, in the east, the Greek supplication Kyrie eleison ("Lord, have mercy") was the common response to intercessory biddings addressed to the people. It is now used in the eucharist at the entrance rite and the general intercessions.

A side chapel dedicated to Mary. It was often an addition that was constructed directly behind (east of) the high altar of the larger church building.

The baptized people or members of a church, as distinct from the clergy.

A meeting of the bishops of the Anglican Communion once every 10 years at the invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and originally held at his palace at Lambeth in London.

The London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury for seven centuries. It is located on the Thames Embankment opposite the Houses of Parliament, and it has been the location of many historic events.

Sacramental ministry to a dying Christian, which may include confession and absolution, laying on of hands, anointing (extreme unction), and communion.

The term "Last Supper" does not appear in the NT. It is used to refer to the supper which Jesus ate with his disciples on the evening before his crucifixion.

The ancient service at daybreak in the monastic round of daily prayer. This morning service of praise always included Psalms 148-150, in which the Latin word "laudate" (praise) is frequently emphasized.

From Latin, meaning, "I will wash." The name originally referred to the ceremonial washing of the priests hands before he or she celebrated Communion, while saying the words, "I will wash my hands in innocence." (Psalm 26:6). The name lavabo also refers to the small towel used to dry the hands and the bowl into which water is poured during the washing.

A person who is not ordained, but who works closely with a church or religious program. Some lay ministers are unpaid volunteers; some are paid staff members of a church.

A lay person licensed by the bishop to preach.

Any non-ordained person who participates in reading part of a church service.

It is an external sign of the bestowal of God's grace through the prayer or the ministry of the one laying on hands, whether for spiritual growth or ministry or forgiveness or healing.

A book stand or reading desk that holds the book used for reading scripture in public worship. It may also be used for preaching the Word, and it may hold the preacher's notes or sermon text. The lectern where the Word is read and preached is the focal point for attention during the liturgy of the word at the eucharist. The term "lectern" is from the Latin, "to read." Lecterns vary in design from plain stands to ornate representations of an eagle or a pelican with outstretched wings.

The appointed lessons and psalms for use at the Eucharist and Daily Offices.

The Lectionary uses a three-year cycle, referred to as Years A, B, and C. Year A begins on the First Sunday in Advent in years evenly divisible by three (e.g., 2019). In the eucharistic lectionary the Gospel According to Matthew is read in Year A, Mark in Year B, and Luke in Year C. The Gospel According to John is used during Lent and Easter, and on some Sundays in Year B, since Mark is shorter than the other gospels.

The western church the forty days of Lent extend from Ash Wednesday through Holy Saturday, omitting Sundays. The last three days of Lent are the sacred Triduum of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday.

(Nov. 29, 1898-Nov. 22, 1963). Author and one of the best-known Christian apologists in the Anglican Communion. Lewis's works included literary history, criticism, essays, three science fiction novels with spiritual themes, speeches, and the well-known children's stories, The Chronicles of Narnia. Attractive to almost all Christian denominations, Lewis's writings have achieved an enthusiastic following. Lewis taught Medieval and Renaissance literature at both Oxford and Cambridge. He was a member of a literary group called "The Inklings" which included J.R.R. Tolkien and Dorothy Sayers. His most beloved books include The Pilgrim's Regress (1933); Mere Christianity (1952); Surprised by Joy (1955), the story of his own conversion to Christianity; and The Screwtape Letters (1942). In A Grief Observed (1961) he reflected on his wife's death and the meaning of human loss.

An intercessory prayer including various petitions that are said or sung by the leader and fixed responses by the congregation.

Liturgical Colours in Anglican worship signify the place in the Church Year: WHITE, the colour of Jesus’ burial garments, for Christmas, Easter, and other ‘feasts’ or festival days, as well as marriages and funerals. PURPLE/VIOLET for Advent (or ROYAL BLUE) & Lent (or UNBLEACHED LINEN). RED is used in Holy Week, the Day of Pentecost, and at ordinations. GREEN is used during Epiphany and the ‘Ordinary Time’ after Pentecost Sunday.

The church's public worship of God. The term is derived from Greek words for "people" and "work." The church's public worship of God is the work of the Christian people. The life of Christ active in the church by the Spirit is expressed through liturgy.

This prayer of Jesus was given to his disciples as an example of how they should pray. The phrase "Lord's Prayer" is not used in the NT. The prayer is found in Mt 6:9-13 as part of the Sermon on the Mount and in Lk 11:2-4.

The altar, also known as the holy table. The term "Lord's table" has been used by those seeking to emphasize the eucharist as a shared meal rather than a sacrifice.

Low Church teaching is associated with individualism, personal religious experience, dislike of ritual, conversion by the power of the Holy Spirit, a strong emphasis on the authority of scripture, and evangelistic preaching.

A covered gateway to a church yard or church property where a coffin containing a corpse is set down prior to burial to await the assembly of the mourners, the pall bearers, and the officiating minister. The formation of the funeral procession and the funeral service will follow this gathering at the lych-gate. The term is derived from an Old English word for "corpse."

This song of praise, also known as "The Song of Mary," is from the account in Luke 1:46-55 of Mary's visit to her relative Elizabeth when Mary was pregnant with Jesus and Elizabeth was pregnant with John the Baptist. The term is from the opening words of the passage in the Latin Vulgate, Magnificat anima mea Dominum ("My soul magnifies the Lord").

A liturgical napkin. The maniple is worn draped over the celebrant's arm.

An Aramaic liturgical exclamation, marana tha, used by Paul at 1 Cor 16:22, translated as an eschatological prayer, "Our Lord, come!" (NRSV).

The term comes from the Greek word meaning "witness," which referred originally to the disciples and apostles who "witnessed" the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Later it came to mean those who had witnessed to their faith in Jesus by their suffering and those who died during persecution since it meant witnessing to the greatest degree possible.

Eight missionaries and two Papuan martyrs who died at the hands of Japanese invaders in 1942.

A term for the Holy Eucharist. It is primarily used by Anglicans, Roman Catholics, and Lutherans. It is derived from the Latin missa, which is from mittere, "to send." It was a part of the dismissal in the medieval Latin Mass, Ite, missa est ("Go, it is finished").

An early morning worship service, the first of the canonical hours. The name comes from the Latin matutinus "pertaining to the morning." It is one of the canonical hours, which developed as special times or hours for prayer and devotion. It was a "vigil" service, begun several hours before dawn. In the Rule of St. Benedict of Nursia, matins was typically at 2 a.m.

Thursday in Holy Week; the name is from a corruption of the Old English word for "commandment" in Christ's commandment given in John 13:34: "A new commandment I give you, that you love one another." The word "command" was originally spelled "commaundment" and was shortened to "Maundy" through careless enunciation.

The practice, usually in silence, of fixing attention on a specific word, phrase, image, sound, or text.

An honorific title given to large or important churches in the country. Examples include York Minster, Westminster and Southwell Minster.

Described in the NT as powers, signs, portents, and strange things. A miracle is an event in time that is perceived by the senses of those who witness it. Miracles reflect the direct activity of God which transcends the usual order of nature for a religious purpose.

An altar book that provides all the textual materials needed for celebration of the Holy Eucharist. It includes liturgical texts and directions, readings, additional prayers, hymns, and musical notations. This single volume is used by the celebrant who presides at the eucharist.

From the Latin "to send." Christian mission is the sending forth to proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ.

One sent to proclaim the good news of Christ. The term is from the Latin "to send." All Christians by baptism are called to "proclaim by word and example the Good News of God in Christ".

Liturgical headgear and insignia of bishops and other prelates. It is typically worn by bishops in procession and when pronouncing episcopal blessings. It is removed during prayer, including the eucharistic canon. The term is from the Greek for "turban." The mitre is shield-shaped and pointed at the top. Two lappets (pendant bands or flaps) hang down the back of the mitre. It is often said to represent the tongues of fire that rested on the apostles at Pentecost (Acts 2). The mitre may be derived from the headgear of civil officials of the late Roman empire.

The practice of mixing a little water with the wine that will be consecrated at the eucharist. It probably is derived from ancient Jewish custom. It was likely observed by Jesus at the Last Supper. It has been described as a sign of union of Christ with his people, a sign of the flow of blood and water from Jesus' side at the crucifixion, and a sign of the union of Christ's divine and human natures.

A place where members of religious orders live in community, usually under the monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The orderly life of prayer, work, and study is carried out in the context of the "hours of the day" or "divine offices" and the daily eucharist. The brothers in a monastery or sisters in a convent live in individual cells (rooms). They eat and worship in community. They may devote themselves to prayer and study.

In many times and places, daybreak has been a time of prayer.

"Mothering Sunday" was a popular name in England for the fourth Sunday in Lent. It was customary in some places to visit the mother church of one's diocese or chapel on this day. In other places it was customary to visit one's mother on "Mothering Sunday."

An entry space, foyer, or anteroom of a church between the door and the nave. The term is from the Greek for a "small case." Historically, the narthex was an enclosed vestibule or porch of a basilica. Catechumens and penitents stood in the narthex during the service. It also may serve as a place for the gathering and formation of processions and a place for people to wait before services begin.

The place in the church building for the congregation. It is between the sanctuary and the narthex or entry of the church building. The term may be derived from the Latin navis, "ship," which was an early symbol of the church.

The new relationship with God given by Jesus Christ. The new covenant comes with Christ's promise to bring humanity into the kingdom of God and share the fullness of life with us. In response, we are to believe in Christ and keep his commandments.

A completely new translation of the Bible, unlike such translations as the Revised Standard Version which stands in the tradition of the King James (Authorized) Bible. Sponsored by the various Protestant communions of the British Isles, it was produced by biblical scholars who were aided by authorities in English literature. Its purpose was to render the original into contemporary English, avoiding all archaic words and expressions.

The latest revision of the Revised Standard Version (RSV) Bible. It was published in 1989 under the authority of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA (NCCCUSA). It was the work of committees of scholars drawn mainly from Protestant churches, but also including Roman Catholic and Orthodox scholars, and a Jewish representative for the OT. The committees operated under certain principles laid down by the NCC: 1) to continue in the tradition of the King James Version; 2) to depart from that tradition only when required for accuracy, clarity, euphony, and current (American) English usage, with the result to be "as literal as possible, as free as necessary"; 3) to eliminate masculine-oriented language where the original texts were intended to be inclusive.

(July 24, 1725-Dec. 21, 1807). A leading Anglican evangelical and hymn-writer. He was born in London and attended school at Stratford, Essex. Newton went to sea as a midshipman in the English navy. He was later the captain of a slave ship. After his conversion, Newton read for orders and was ordained in 1764 for the cure at Olney. He and William Cowper produced the Olney Hymns (1779), a famous hymn collection that included 280 texts by Newton. In 1780 Newton became rector of St. Mary's Woolnoth, in London. He was active in the anti-slavery movement in the later years of his life. He received the D.D. degree in 1792 from the College of New Jersey, which is now Princeton University. Newton's texts in The Hymnal 1982 are "May the grace of Christ our Saviour" (Hymn 351), "Glorious things of thee are spoken" (Hymns 522/523), "How sweet the Name of Jesus sounds" (Hymn 644), and "Amazing grace! how sweet the sound" (Hymn 671). Newton's epitaph states that although he was "once an Infidel and Libertine," he "was by the rich mercy of our Lord and Saviour/ Jesus Christ/ Preserved, restored, pardoned/ And appointed to preach the Faith/ He had long laboured to destroy."

(1820-1910). Founder of modern nursing. She was born in Florence, Italy, and baptized in the Church of England on July 4, 1820. In 1849-1850 she studied the nursing system of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent dePaul at Alexandria, Egypt. She also trained for several months with the deaconesses in 1851 in Kaiserswerth in the Rhineland. In her early 30s, she became Superintendent of the Institution for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Distressed Circumstances in London. In this position she improved the standard of nursing care and administration. At the request of the British government, she agreed to be Superintendent of Female Nurses in Turkey to organize medical care for the British soldiers injured or ill during the Crimean War, 1854-1856. While in Crimea she became ill with Crimean Fever and was an invalid from 1858 until 1888. Today her illness is recognized as chronic brucellosis. Nightingale worked to improve the health of British soldiers and she promoted sanitation reform in England and India. She is recognized for her progressive thinking about nursing and hospital organization and serves as a model of compassion against physical suffering. Her major writing, "Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not (1859)", went through many editions. She is also noted for her deeply mystical and pragmatic sense of spirituality. Nightingale described nurses as "handmaidens of the Lord." She died in London.

It was first issued by the Council of Nicaea in 325, but in the form used today it is frequently thought to have been perfected at the Council of Constantinople in 381. There is no doubt that it was passed on to the church through the Council of Chalcedon in 451. It is commonly held to be based on the baptismal creed of Jerusalem, and it is often referred to as the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed. It states the full divinity of the Son, the second Person of the Trinity, in opposition to Arius.

A woman who is a full member of a religious order. The term may be seen as the female equivalent of a monk.

Canticle based on the words of Simeon, who recognized the infant Jesus to be the Messiah at the Presentation of Jesus in the temple by Mary and Joseph (Luke 2:29-32). It had been revealed to Simeon by the Holy Spirit that he would not die before he had seen the Messiah. When Simeon saw the child Jesus he took him up in his arms, blessed God, and said, "Lord, you now have set your servant free to go in peace as you have promised." Simeon was peaceful and ready to face death because he had seen the long-expected Messiah. The canticle is also known as the Song of Simeon. The term Nunc dimittis is from the initial words of the Song of Simeon in Latin, which mean "now let depart."

Olive oil that has been blessed is used sacramentally in the liturgical and pastoral ministries of the church. Holy oil is usually applied by the minister of the sacrament or sacramental rite to the forehead of the one who is anointed. The minister often applies the oil with the thumb, making the sign of the cross with the oil. In the OT, oil was used for anointing kings and priests (see 1 Sm 10:1 and 16:1, 13; Ex 29:7). The use of oil in Christian baptism dates from at least the second century. The title "Christ" means the "anointed one." Oil is used as a symbol of baptism in the NT (see Lk 4:18, Acts 4:27, 1 Jn 2:20, 27). The NT also records the practice of anointing with oil for healing (see Mk 6:13, Jas 5:14).

The name traditionally given to the first thirty-nine books of the Christian Bible, i.e., Genesis through Malachi in Protestant versions.

This term is used in the Anglican Church to indicate the parts of the liturgical year that are not included in the major seasons of the church calendar. Ordinary time includes the Monday after the Feast of the Baptism of our Lord through the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, and the Monday after Pentecost through the Saturday before the First Sunday of Advent.

A sacramental rite of the church by which God gives authority and the grace of the Holy Spirit through prayer and the laying on of hands by bishops to those being made bishops, priests, and deacons.

The Sunday before Easter at which Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem (Mt 21:1-11, Mk 11:1-11a, Lk 19:29-40) is recalled.

The term is from the Greek for "something placed by the side of something else." NT parables are sayings of Jesus in which he uses metaphors or similes, brief or extended, to challenge people to a decision about his message.

A local congregation that is in union with the diocese.

The member of the clergy, typically a priest or presbyter, with pastoral responsibility for a parish.

A large candle that symbolizes the risen Christ. It is often decorated with a cross, symbols of the resurrection, the Greek letters Alpha and Omega, and the year. The term "Paschal" concerns Easter or Passover. At the Easter Vigil, the Paschal candle is lit from the new fire. It is carried by the deacon, who pauses three times and sings or says, "The light of Christ," and the people respond, "Thanks be to God." After it is carried to the chancel, its flame may be used to light candles held by members of the congregation. This symbolizes the spreading of the light of Christ into the congregation and the world. It is customary for the Paschal candle to burn at all services from Easter through Pentecost

The redemptive suffering of Jesus Christ in the events surrounding his death. The term is from the Latin passio, "suffering."

A Jewish festival of eight days that celebrates the events leading to the Jewish Exodus from Egypt. According to the accounts of the Book of Exodus, a lamb was sacrificed by each household. Its blood was sprinkled on the lintel and door posts so that the Lord would pass over houses which bore these markings when the first-born in Egypt were slain. Jewish families customarily celebrate a meal on the first night of Passover. There exists a relationship between the origins of this meal and the eucharist, which was instituted during the period of the Passover celebration.

The plate on which the bread rests during Holy Communion.

(d. c. 64). Apostle to the Gentiles, author of several NT epistles, preeminent Christian missionary. He was originally named Saul.

A liturgical exchange of greeting through word and gesture. It is a sign of reconciliation, love, and renewed relationships in the Christian community. It is initiated by the celebrant, who says, "The peace of the Lord be always with you." The people respond, "And also with you."

The term means "the fiftieth day." It is used in both the OT and the NT. In the OT it refers to a feast of seven weeks known as the Feast of Weeks. It was apparently an agricultural event that focused on the harvesting of first fruits. Josephus referred to Pentecost as the fiftieth day after the first day of Passover. The term is used in the NT to refer to the coming of the Spirit on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:1), shortly after Jesus' death, resurrection, and ascension. Christians came to understand the meaning of Pentecost in terms of the gift of the Spirit. The Pentecost event was the fulfillment of a promise which Jesus gave concerning the return of the Holy Spirit.

The form of prayer in which one asks God for divine grace or assistance. Petition addresses God as divine Providence who lovingly watches over the needs of human creatures.

A long bench, typically with a back, for congregational seating in church. Seats were not provided for the congregation in the early church, and this practice continues today in the Eastern Orthodox Church. The use of pews in the naves of churches has been dated from the thirteenth century. Some pews have been elaborately carved, and some have served to separate the occupants from others in the church. Chairs are now used for seating in some churches because chairs allow greater flexibility in the arrangement of liturgical space. Chairs also may present less of an obstacle than pews for the gathering and uniting of the community for worship.

A prayer of thanksgiving after communion that also seeks God's help for Christian service. The eucharistic community is sent "into the world in peace" to love and serve God as witnesses of Christ. This prayer expresses the transition of the Christian's attention from the mystery of sacramental participation to the engagement of Christian ministry.

The experience of corporate or individual nearness with God, through words, acts, or silence. Any act or activity offered to God in a spirit of dedication may be prayerful. This nearness may take the form of addressing God, as in prayers of petition, praise, and thanksgiving; or the form of listening, as in contemplative and meditative prayer. Both forms assume a relationship between God and the one who prays. Prayer is the opening of the direct relationship between God and humanity.

A person, usually a member of the clergy, who is responsible for organizing the liturgy and music of a large church (such as a great cathedral).

A cleric in one of the three orders of ordained ministry. The ministry of a priest is to represent Christ and his Church, particularly as pastor to the people; to share with the bishop the overseeing of the Church; to proclaim the Gospel; to administer the sacraments; and to bless and declare pardon in the name of God.

Fundamental doctrine which affirms that all baptized Christians share the eternal priesthood of Jesus. Christ's high priesthood is unique and his atoning sacrifice was offered once for all. The royal priesthood of the people of God consists in the offering of ourselves repeatedly in daily obedience in the world (1 Pt 2:5; Rom 12:1). The redemptive work of Christ makes it possible for the people of God to offer their priestly sacrifice of obedient living (Rv 1:6, 5:10). The recovery of this doctrine at the Reformation led to the recovering of the ministry of the laity. The whole church is described by the Catechism as "a royal priesthood".

The chief or presiding bishop of a national church.

Variable parts of the eucharistic liturgy and the Daily Office which are appointed for a particular day according the the season or occasion.

Western Christianity that is not subject to papal authority. The term has positive connotations in the sense of witness and testimony to the truth. It is not just negative in the sense of a protest against something.

A psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms.

The place (in a church) from which the sermon is preached – traditionally meant to replicate the bow of a ship.

From Latin purus (pure) and facare (to make). A purificator is a small piece of white linen used at Communion to cleanse the chalice, by wiping the rim of the chalice with the purificator.

The primary colour used in the season of Lent, and the most popular colour used in Advent. Purple signifies penitence and preparation. Purple was originally a sign of royalty, as purple dye was rare. Thus, a purple clergy shirt (or some shade of violet) usually indicates that the wearer is a bishop.

One of the three sources of authority in Anglicanism, along with scripture and tradition. Reason interprets scripture and tradition and allows itself to be corrected and enlarged by them. Reason is considered in Anglican thought to be more than calculation and logic, and it draws upon the entirety of human understanding and experience. Reason makes it possible to evaluate and determine what is good to be done in a particular situation.

The procession of the crucifer, acolytes, choir, readers, clergy and other assistants out of a church building at the end of a service.

The final hymn sung as the recession takes place.

The priest in charge of a parish. Typically, a rector is the priest in charge of a self-supporting parish, and a vicar is the priest in charge of a supported mission. The rector is the ecclesiastical authority of the parish. The term is derived from the Latin for "rule." The rector has authority and responsibility for worship and the spiritual jurisdiction of the parish, subject to the rubrics of the BCP, the constitution and canons of the church, and the pastoral direction of the bishop. The rector is responsible for selection of all assistant clergy, and they serve at the discretion of the rector. The church and parish buildings and furnishings are under the rector's control.

A house owned by the parish and provided for the rector's home. Such provided housing has been known as "the parsonage" and "the manse" in other traditions.

Major feasts of the church year, including the principal feasts, feasts of our Lord, feasts of all apostles, evangelists, and other major saints' days and festivals. The term reflects the early practice of printing Prayer Book calendars in red. These major feasts were included in the Prayer Book calendar and printed with red letters.

A room where meals are shared. The term is from the Latin, "to restore" or "refresh." This term has been applied to the room used for meals in monasteries or other religious houses. It may indicate a separate building.

When there are no candidates for baptism or Confirmation at the Easter Vigil, the celebrant leads the people in the Renewal of Baptismal Vows.

Decorations behind or above the altar. The reredos is typically a wooden screen, hanging, or panel. It may consist of stone, wood, jeweled metalwork, or drapery. The reredos may contain biblical scenes, scenes from the lives of the martyrs, statues of apostles and saints, panels inscribed with the Lord's Prayer and the Ten Commandments, or other Christian symbols.

The belief that Jesus was raised bodily from the dead by God on the third day after Jesus' crucifixion and burial, exalting him to the near presence of God in eternal glory. The resurrection of Jesus is at the heart of Christianity (Acts 2:22-36). Christian faith would be meaningless without the resurrection of Jesus (1 Cor 15:14). The reality of Jesus' resurrection was experienced by chosen witnesses and proclaimed by the early Christian community. Easter is the day of Jesus' resurrection. Jesus is understood to have been raised on the Sunday following the Friday of his crucifixion. The resurrection is to be distinguished both from resuscitation (restoration to the prior mode of human existence) and the immortality of the soul. Jesus' resurrection began the transformation and glorification of the whole cosmos, including the redeemed Christian community. Christ was raised as the "first fruits of those who have fallen asleep" (1 Cor 15:20). By Christ's resurrection, this same new mode of existence is made available to all.

A period of time, in a "place apart" from daily life and work, which normally includes silence, reflection, and may include some form of still, meditative prayer which may be combined with brief periods of activity and study. Retreats often focus on particular themes of the church year. Retreats may be communal, though they can also be individual and undirected or unstructured. The concept of retreat has its roots in the scriptural injunction to withdraw to a quiet, lonely place as Christ did periodically.

An honorific title given to ordained clergy in most Christian churches. The correct form of address is "The Reverend John Smith," and never "Reverend John Smith."

An ordained person [hence Reverend] who also holds some degree at the doctorate level [hence Doctor]--a way of referring to a clergy person who was also a professor, or to a member of the clergy who holds an honorary or earned doctorate. A bishop who held a doctorate would be referred to as the Right Reverend Doctor.

Living in right relationship with God and others.

Days that were (and still are) set apart for special prayers for God's blessing on crops, flocks, herds and other agricultural means of livelihood. From the Latin word rogare, meaning "to beseech." Rogation Days were observed (and still could be observed) on the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday before Ascension Day. Click here for Prayers for the agricultural year.

Outward and visible signs of inward and spiritual grace, given by Christ as sure and certain means for receiving God's grace. Baptism and Eucharist are the two great sacraments given by Christ to his church.

The room adjoining a church where vestments, altar hangings and linens, sacred vessels, and liturgical books are kept until needed for use in worship.

A holy person, a faithful Christian, one who shares life in Christ. The term may also indicate one who has been formally canonized or recognized as a saint by church authority. In the NT, the term is applied to all faithful Christians (see Acts 9:32, 26:10).

Eternal life in the fullness of God's love.

The part of a church around the altar.

The part of the Holy Communion service that beings with the words, "Holy, Holy, Holy."

After baptism, the bishop or priest places a hand on the head of the newly baptized person, marking the forehead with the sign of the cross, addressing each one by name and saying, "You are sealed by the Holy Spirit in Baptism and marked as Christ's own for ever".

Theological school for training ordained and lay leaders of the church.

Religious address in a worship service.

The final day before the season of Lent begins, usually marked by pancake suppers in parish halls throughout the Anglican church.

Following our own will instead of following the will of God, thereby being centred on ourselves instead of God and distorting our relationships with God, other people, and creation. Sin is intentional disobedience and rebellion against God. It alienates us from our true selves. Sin is a misuse of human free will by one who is capable of choice.

Also called charisms, and partially listed in 1 Cor 12:4-11, these are graces granted by the Holy Spirit to empower the faithful to perform specific tasks.

Our personal response to God's generosity in the way we share our resources of time, talent, and money.

A long strip of cloth (often silk) worn around the neck of the priest and allowed to hang down the front of the clerical vestments. Only bishops, priests and deacons are allowed to wear stoles. The stole is usually worn at all eucharistic services, weddings and funerals, but never worn at Morning Prayer services. The stole is said to represent the yoke of obedience to Christ.

This term comes from the Greek synodos, "a meeting" or "a coming together." It means an assembly of bishops or a meeting of church people.

Traditional monastic offices that were recited at 9 a.m., "the third hour" (terce), 12 noon, "the sixth hour" (sext), and 3 p.m., "the ninth hour" (none).

The Thirty-Nine Articles were the result of a long process in which the Church of England attempted to provide a theological foundation for its existence during the doctrinal conflicts of the sixteenth century. The conflicts arose from the competing views between Protestants and Roman Catholics as well as controversy within the Church of England itself. The Articles are not a creed nor are they a confessional statement such as those produced by the churches of the Reformation. They seek only to provide a basic consensus on disputed points and to separate the Church of England from certain Roman Catholic doctrines which were regarded as medieval abuses or superstitions.

In Christian theology, tradition originally referred simply to that which had been handed down to the church from the prophets and the apostles concerning belief in God and God's redemptive work in Christ. Before the development of an authorized canon of Hebrew and Christian scriptures, the oral teaching of the Apostles and their successors formed the Christian tradition. Gradually, however, the term took on different meanings to include, for example, the authorized teaching of church councils and commonly accepted credal formulations. By the time of the middle ages it had taken on the sense of an authentic body of teaching in addition to scripture. Such an understanding of tradition was rejected by the Reformers, who appealed only to the authority of scripture itself. Article XXXIV of the Articles of Religion took a mediating position, admitting the authority of traditions so long as they were not "repugnant to the Word of God, and be ordained and approved by common authority." Anglicanism reflects balance in its devotion to scripture, tradition, and reason as sources of authority.

In a cruciform or cross-shaped church building, the parts of the building which are the two lateral arms of the cross. The transepts extend from the nave and chancel.

A period of three days of preparation for a feast day. The term is most frequently used for Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday, the three days prior to Easter Sunday that are the concluding days of Holy Week, also known as the Easter Triduum.

The Trinity is one God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

A small metal pot on chains in which incense is burned during the eucharist and other liturgies. The thurible is also known as a censer. The term is derived from the Latin for "incense."

The server or acolyte who carries and swings the thurible in which incense is burned during the eucharist and other liturgies.

The title of address for an archdeacon. It is abbreviated The Ven.

A lay minister who assists the clergy in the conduct of public worship, especially in the marshaling of processions. Vergers may be full-time or part-time, paid or volunteer. The history of the verger dates back to the middle ages when the verger was the "Protector of the Procession." He would lead the way, making room for the procession to enter the church from the town square, and with his virge (mace) in hand would literally clear the way if necessary.

A form of address for clergy who hold the office of dean in a diocese, church or school.

The early evening office of prayer in the church. The term is from the Latin word for "evening."

The distinctive clothing worn by leaders of liturgy especially priests and deacons.

The rector, wardens and vestry members of a parish. The wardens and vestry are the official representatives of the parish in the absence of a rector.

Latin phrase translated as "middle way" or the "way between two extremes." The via media came into religious usage when Anglicans began to refer to the Church of England as a middle way between the extremes of Roman Catholicism and Puritanism.

An English term referring to a priest in charge of a mission. It is the typical title used today to describe an English priest who is in charge of a local congregation.

The principal deputy of the bishop of a diocese for the exercise of administrative authority. As vicar of the bishop, the vicar general exercises the bishop's ordinary executive power over the entire diocese and, thus, is the highest official in a diocese or other particular church after the diocesan bishop or his equivalent in canon law.

The vicar's residence.

A service at night prior to a major feast or other important observance. The vigil anticipates and begins the commemoration of the following day. It may allow the participants an opportunity to reflect on the meaning of the next day's service. Scripture texts that will be used at the service on the following day may be introduced at a vigil. Christian vigils have been observed since the early years of the church. The Easter Vigil dates from at least the second century.

The virge is the staff which a verger carries in procession. The name comes from the Latin virga, "rod" or "staff." It goes back to the ceremonial mace carried before civic and ecclesiastical dignitaries. It was originally a weapon used to clear the way for processions and to control unruly choristers. One end has a cross or other Christian symbol on it.

(Aug. 24, 1759-July 29, 1833). English philanthropist, reformer, orator, and evangelical layman. He was born in Hull, Yorkshire. In 1780 he was elected to the House of Commons representing Hull. It was in the House of Commons that he worked against slavery and the slave trade. Wilberforce became active in the abolition effort as early as 1787 through his association with the Quaker-founded Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. His first political success occurred on May 9, 1788, when legislation was passed that reduced the number of slaves carried aboard a slave vessel. Because of overcrowding, the mortality rate in slave vessels was quite high. Under Wilberforce's leadership, Parliament passed the bill for the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. From then until his death, Wilberforce worked for the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. On Aug. 28, 1833, a month after his death, the bill of Parliament abolishing slavery throughout the British dominions received the King's consent and became law.

Alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of grapes. Wine and bread are the essential elements of the eucharist. Wine is associated with celebration, fellowship, and joy.

Whitefield is recognized as one of the great preachers in the history of the church.

A traditional English name for the Feast of Pentecost. The term is a corruption of "White Sunday." It is associated with the white robes of baptism which were worn by the newly baptized at the Pentecost service.

(c. 1330-1384). English reformer of the fourteenth century.